Perhaps the most impactful invention in modern history, the transistor is at the core of semiconductor devices and has dramatically transformed virtually every industry while helping spawn many new ones. As illustrated in Figure 1, today’s microchips can contain over a billion transistors and are improving our cars, phones, and refrigerators—empowering internet searches, genetic research, and smart sensors. How different would our world be today without these integrated circuit (IC) “microchips?”